Conspiracy and Cocaine and Computers—Oh my!
June 17, 2009Salgado and other criminal defendants were convicted of conspiracy and of possession with intent to distribute cocaine. In an attempt to overturn their convictions, the defendants claimed that there existed insufficient evidence to sustain their convictions.
At the center of the controversy were telephone toll records that revealed calls between Salgado, another defendant and a drug distributor. The records were introduced to connect Salgado to the conspiracy.
The Computer-Generated Toll Records
The telephone toll records at issue were compiled by contemporaneous computer recording of the telephone numbers dialed while the call was being made. The information was stored in the computer for later downloading.
The Federal Rules of Evidence provide for several exceptions to the general rule of the exclusion of hearsay from evidence. One such rule exempts business records, and this rule has been applied where such records have been made by computers.
FRE 803(6) allows for the introduction of a business record if: (a) it was made in the course of a regularly conducted business; (b) kept in the regular course of that business; (c) was the regular practice of such business to keep such a record; and (d) was made by a person with knowledge of the transaction. Additionally, the record must be presented by its custodian or by another qualified witness who need only be familiar with the record-keeping process—he need not have personal knowledge of the record’s preparation. Finally, there must be a sufficient foundation for the reliability of the record.
Defendants first took issue with the requirement under (d) above, and argued that the records could not be admissible because the actual record was entered into the computer’s memory by the computer and not by a person. The court, however, found that similar records had been held reliable in other cases.
The defendants also took issue with the witness providing the authentication and the foundation for the introduction of the records—here, the Manager of Security for the telephone company. The court noted, however, that his testimony was sufficient because there is no requirement that the actual computer programmer—the person the defendants argued was necessary to authenticate the records—be the one to authenticate the evidence. Furthermore, the court found that it was not necessary for the manager to have obtained the computer generated records himself—it was acceptable that he had someone else do it for him. Finally, the court found it unnecessary that the government present expert testimony regarding the accuracy of the computer process and thus concluded that the telephone toll records were trustworthy and had adequate foundation to be admitted as evidence.
E-Discovery Savvy Law Student is a third-year law student at Seton Hall University School of Law. EDSLS will join a law firm in Manhattan in the fall.
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